You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. 15. Mudiyettu is a traditional ritual theatre of Kerala, where the enactment is a dance drama worshipping the Goddess Bhadrakali and celebrating her triumph over the evil demons Daarika and Daanavendra. Subscribe to Free E-Magazine on Entertainment. He has won two film awards for the state of Kerala. Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Below are direct links for the most relevant articles: The Religion and Philosophy of Tevaram (Thevaram) (by M. A. Dorai Rangaswamy), The Pantaranka or Pantarankam dance < [Volume 2 - Nampi Arurar and Mythology], Chapter 1 - The Tondar or Tontar (devotees) and their religion < [Volume 4.1.2 - The conception of Paramanaiye Paduvar], The backdrop of the Srikanthacarita and the Mankhakosa (by Dhrubajit Sarma), Part 7 - Works of Maṅkhaka < [Chapter I - Introduction], Part 1 - Sanskrit kāvya and its definitions < [Chapter I - Introduction], Part 7 - Flora and fauna (found in the Śrīkaṇṭhacarita) < [Chapter IV - Socio-cultural study of the Śrīkaṇṭhacarita], A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 1 (by Surendranath Dasgupta), Part 15 - Ātman, Jīva, Īśvara, Ekajīvavāda and Dṛṣṭisṛṣṭivāda < [Chapter X - The Śaṅkara School Of Vedānta], Part 8 - The nature of the world-appearance, phenomena < [Chapter X - The Śaṅkara School Of Vedānta], Part 10 - Knowledge, its value for us < [Chapter VI - The Jaina Philosophy], Tejobindu Upanishad of Krishna-yajurveda (by K. Narayanasvami Aiyar), Chapter 62 - The science of music < [Section 3 - Upodghāta-pāda], Chapter 4 - Pronunciation of a curse on Jayas < [Section 3 - Upodghāta-pāda], Chapter 3 - Description of the dissolution of the Universe (b) < [Section 4a - Upasaṃhāra-pāda], A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 4 (by Surendranath Dasgupta), Part 6 - Inference of ajñāna < [Chapter XXIX-XXX - Controversy Between the Dualists and the Monists], Part 7 - The theory of Avidyā refuted < [Chapter XXIX-XXX - Controversy Between the Dualists and the Monists], Part 4 - God’s Relation to His Devotees < [Chapter XXXIII - The Philosophy of Jiva Gosvāmī and Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇā], Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index, Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar, अर्थनित्यः परीक्षेत केनचिद् वृत्तिसामान्येन (, का पुनर्वृत्तिः । वृत्तिः शास्त्रप्रवृत्तिः । (, परार्थाभिधानं वृत्तिः । कृत्तद्धि-तसमासैकदेशधातुरूपाः पञ्च वृत्तयः । वृत्त्यर्था-वबोधकं वाक्यं विग्रहः (, भाष्य, वार्तिक, टीका,चूर्णि, निर्युक्ति, टिप्पणी, पञ्जिका (, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary, DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary, DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English, DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, त्रयीं तिस्रो वृत्तीस्त्रिभुवनमथो त्रीनपि सुरान् (, त्रिष्वप्रमाद्यन्नेतेषु त्रील्लँोकांश्च विजेष्यसि । पितृवृत्या त्विमं लोकं मातृवृत्त्या तथा परम् (, शृङ्गारे कैशिकी वीरे सात्वत्यारभटी पुनः । रसे रौद्रे च बीभत्से वृत्तिः सर्वत्र भारती । चतस्रो वृत्तयो ह्येताः सर्वनाठ्यस्य मातृकाः (, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary. It is immensely popular in Karnataka. Pravritti in Natyashastra refers to specific human behaviours varying from region to region. The absorption occurs in two … 6. It was only during the later periods these art-forms developed into independent art-expressions . kauśikī, bhāratī, sātvatī, ārabhatī. Traditionally assigned to Bharata Muni, a legendary sage, Natya Shastra is one among the famous trio of India, the other two being Kautalya’s Artha Shastra and Vatsyayana’s Kama Shastra. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world. Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. ; Kāvya literature], 5) [v.s. Discover the meaning of vritti or vrtti in the context of Vyakarana from relevant books on Exotic India. vṛtti (वृत्ति).—f An affection of the mind. ...] the use or occurrence of a word in a [particular] sense ([locative case]), its function or force, [Pāṇini; Sāhitya-darpaṇa [Scholiast or Commentator] on Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra] etc. 6. NATYASHASTRA, ORIGINEA TEATRULUI INDIAN Cea mai veche scriere despre dansul clasic indian este atribuită înțeleptului Bharata. According to the Nāṭyaśāstra verse 6.10, there are four styles defined: 2) Vṛtti (वृत्ति, “movement”) refers to “having a simple movement” and represents one of the three types of gativṛtti (styles of procedure), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 29. About the Author Bharata’s Natyasastra is on encyclopaedia of Dance, Drama and Music. Natyashastra: Intrinsic Qualification and Contemporary Significance. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. According to the author (Muni), hastaabhinaya for dance comprises of 64 gestures, while acting involves the use of just 24. Kaiśikī, 2. Margam concept and study of compositions. The Natyashastra by Bharata-muni, 1951, ISBN-13: 9789385005831 The Natyasastra: English Translation with Critical Notes Revised Edition by Adya Rangacharya, ISBN … Discover the meaning of vritti or vrtti in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India. 1. 6. 6) Conduct, behaviour, course of conduct, mode of action; कुरु प्रियसखीवृत्तं सपत्नीजने (kuru priyasakhīvṛttaṃ sapatnījane) Ś.4.18; Me.8; वैतसी वृत्तिः, बकवृत्तिः (vaitasī vṛttiḥ, bakavṛttiḥ) &c. 7) Profession, occupation, business, employment, mode of leading life (often at the end of comp. Înțeleptul Bharata a primit Natyasastra de la zeul Brahma care, la rugămintea zeilor, a alcătuit a cincea Veda spre folosul tuturor castelor deoarece Vedele nu puteau fi ascultate de către cei din casta sudra. 2. Respectful treatment. वृत्तौ भाष्ये तथा नामधातुपारायणादिषु (vṛttau bhāṣye tathā nāmadhātupārāyaṇādiṣu); introductory stanza in the Kāśikā. Ends with (+516): Abhinirvritti, Abhinivritti, Abhivritti, Abhuyahsamnivritti, Abhyavritti, Acala-pravritti, Adhanadarshapaurnamasavritti, Adhvaramimamsakutuhalavritti, Adhyayanasamvritti, Adhyayanavritti, Adinavritti, Adrohavritti, Agantukavritti, Aharavritti, Ajagaravritti, Ajahatsvarthavritti, Ajyeshthavritti, Akhyatavritti, Alambanaparikshavritti, Alamkaravritti. Bhavameans an emotional state or mood, portrayed by the dancer-actor. Vṛttyanuprāsa (वृत्त्यनुप्रास) refers to one of the four varieties of Anuprāsa : one of the 93 alaṃkāras (“figures of speech”) mentioned by Cirañjīva Bhaṭṭācārya (fl. Con- duct. 45,741 Views . The connotative power of a word; (these are three, viz:—abhidhā, lakṣaṇā and vyaṃjanā .) Gativṛtti gives quality to give quality to the instrumental music and songs and is influenced by tāla (time-measure), laya (tempo), gīti (rhythm), yati and grahamārga (way of beginning). An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. The Vrittis (Styles) Chapter III. The Nāṭya Śāstra (Sanskrit: नाट्य शास्त्र, Nāṭyaśāstra) is a Sanskrit treatise on the performing arts. Natyashastra 1. ...] practice, business, devotion or addiction to, occupation with (often ifc. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences. uñcha-v; vṛttiṃ-√kṛ or √kḷp [Causal] with [instrumental case], ‘to live on or by’; with [genitive case], ‘to get or procure a maintenance for’; only certain means of subsistence are allowed to a Brāhman See, [Manu-smṛti iv, 4-6]), [??? Amazon.com: The Natyasastra: English Translation with Critical Notes (9788121506809): Adya Rangacharya: Books Discover the meaning of vritti or vrtti in the context of India history from relevant books on Exotic India. Relevance and Significance of Natyashastra: Communication Perspective . According to the Nāṭyaśāstra verse 6.10, there are four styles defined: 1. the Verbal (bhāratī), 2. the Grand (sāttvatī), 3. the Graceful (kaiśikī) 4. and the Energetic (ārabhaṭī) 2) Vṛtti (वृत्ति, “movement”) refers to “having a simple movement” and represents one of the three types o… The Story of the Origin of Natyashastra - 1. Name : Kubavat Kishan Roll No. 2. To understand the technique of all the ten varieties of play (rūpa) described in the Nāṭyaśāstra, one must have knowledge of the Styles (vṛtti) of dramatic production. In the Vyākaraṇa-Śāstra the word occurs almost exclusively used for the learned Vṛtti on Pāṇini-sūtras by Vāmana and Jayāditya which was given the name Kāśikā Vṛtti; cf. According to the Nāṭyaśāstra, “in the vṛtti the Sambhāvitā is the gīti, the instrumental music is * *, the unit of time-measure is two kalās, the tempo (laya) is medium (madhya), the yati is Srotogatā, and the Sama graha-mārgas are preponderant”. Copyright © Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. All rights reserved including the right to reproduce the contents in whole or in part in any form or medium without the express written permission of Jupiter Infomedia Ltd. Kottarakkara Sridharan Nair was a Malayalam actor of both theatre and stage. The dance form of Naga Nritya is basically the serpent dance that is performed as a symbol of fertility and life. ; cf. Glossary page from Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta). According to Natyashastra all the Gods requested Lord Brahma to produce something to play (Kirdaniyakam) (N.S.I 2) which could be seen, heard, enjoyable, instructive, a fifth Veda for the benefit of all the people. : 11 Semester : 2nd Paper no : 7 PG Enrollment No: 14101021 Paper name : Literary Theory & Criticism-2 Year: 2014-15 Submitted to: Smt. Style or character of dramatic representation, or composition, considered to be of four sorts, viz:—Kausiki, which exhibits love or passion; Bharati, which appears to implies declamation especially; Satwati, of which the subject is virtue and heroism, and Arbhatti, which treats of magic, delusion, wrath and battle. State, [Pañcatantra] iii. 1) Vṛtti (वृत्ति).—Treatment, practice of pronunciation; 2) Vṛtti.—Conversion of one phonetic element into another; cf. a complex formation which requires explanation or separation into its parts (as distinguished from a simple or uncompounded form e.g. These being four in number are as follows: Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (śāstra) of performing arts, (nāṭya, e.g., theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It divides India into four broad zones accordingly, to facilitate the understanding of them, so that Vritti or the dramatic style may find proper expression through the required portrayal in the text as … 13. It is still the root of all Indian dramatic criticism. A complex formation requiring resolution or explanation. Vritti is the 'mother of theatre' i.e. Vṛtti means mode of life or conduct, course of action, behaviour, moral conduct, etc. The Natyashastra is believed to be a compendium of answers to the queries made by a number of munis or sages, who approached Bharata to know about the secrets of Natya veda. 12) [v.s. Means of subsistence, [Pañcatantra] 6, 5; [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 1, 113; wages, hire, [Pañcatantra] 229, 6. The rasas were originally eight in number, but the post-Natyashastratradition added a ni… Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. ktin . Namboodiri, K. Kunhiraman Nair, Kalamandalam Ramachandran Unnithan, Madambi Subramanian and many others. 3) Livelihood, maintenance, means of subsistence or livelihood; oft. E. vṛt to be, aff. Discover the meaning of vritti or vrtti in the context of Marathi from relevant books on Exotic India. Definition – Abhinay, Nrutta, Nrutya, Natya, Nartan Paper - 2 Total Marks – 75 1. The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. ...] mode of life or conduct, course of action, behaviour, ([especially]) moral conduct, kind or respectful behaviour or treatment (also [varia lectio] for vṛtta), [Gṛhya-sūtra and śrauta-sūtra; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc. Vritti means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi. 5. ...] mode or measure of pronunciation and recitation (said to be threefold, viz. 14. Natyashastra presented an integral vision of art, which blossomed in multiplicity. p. 94. 5. NatyaShastra Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t6d22zr5g Ocr ABBYY FineReader 8.0 Ppi 300. plus-circle Add Review. Vritti can be taken as a catch-all term for any content in consciousness, where consciousness is regarded as a medium or container for any possible mental content. Reviews There are no reviews yet. 15) [v.s. Teil einer Reihe auf: Hinduistische Schriften und Texte; Shruti; Smriti; Veden ...] mood (of the mind), [Vedāntasāra]. The successful production (Siddhi) of a play enacted on the stage (Ranga) with the object of arousing joy (Rasa) in the hearts of the spectators involves various elements of the components of the actors’ gestures, actions (bhava) and speech ; bringing forth (abhinaya) their intent, through the medium of theatrical ( natya dharmi) and common (Loka dharmi) practices; in four styles of representations (Vritti-s) in … Would you like to get the full Thesis from Shodh ganga along with citation details? It has 36 or 37 chapters. 4) Action, movement, function, operation; शतैस्तमक्ष्णामनिमेषवृत्तिभिः (śataistamakṣṇāmanimeṣavṛttibhiḥ) R.3.43; Ku.3.73; उत्पक्ष्मणोर्नयनयोरुपरुद्धवृत्तिम् (utpakṣmaṇornayanayoruparuddhavṛttim) (bāṣpam) Ś.4. 11) [v.s. 3 A profession, practice, occupation (as a means of subsistence); any office, situation, or business as a livelihood or maintenance. ...] working, activity, function, [Maitrī-upaniṣad; Kapila; Vedāntasāra] etc. Style of dramatic composition. Hindu texts describe samskaras to be a result of past actions and experiences that have left an imprint on the mind. ...] final rhythm of a verse (= or [varia lectio] for vṛtta q.v. Bharatiya Natyashastra is an encyclopedia of Sanskrit literature, is the earliest work on Dramaturgy available at present. Central to the definition of yoga is the concept of vritti as a modification of the mind, which it is the intent of yogic practices to silence. 610). 7 Gloss or comment: also explanation or exposition. vrittayo natyamatarah, according to the Natyashastra, chapter 13. 4; also I.1.69 Vārt.11; 5) Vṛtti.—Nature; cf. 7) [v.s. Ārabhaṭī, qq.vv. परार्थाभिधानं वृत्तिः । कृत्तद्धि-तसमासैकदेशधातुरूपाः पञ्च वृत्तयः । वृत्त्यर्था-वबोधकं वाक्यं विग्रहः (parārthābhidhānaṃ vṛttiḥ | kṛttaddhi-tasamāsaikadeśadhāturūpāḥ pañca vṛttayaḥ | vṛttyarthā-vabodhakaṃ vākyaṃ vigrahaḥ) S. K. at the end of the Ekaśeṣaprakaraṇa; 11) Vṛtti.—Interpretation of a collection of statements; the word was originally applied to glosses or comments on the ancient works like the Sūtra works, in which the interpretation of the text was given with examples and counterexamples where necessary; cf. Circumference of a wheel or circle. *, 1b) Transformation of Jayādevas in the seven epochs of Manu.*. 13) [v.s. Fundamentals of Communication Practice in Natyashastra. [distich] 18 (vaitasīṃ vṛttim ā car, To behave like a reed). Full-text (+2361): Jyeshthavritti, Dyutavritti, Samavritti, Ananyavritti, Unchavritti, Manovritti, Vrittita, Jahaddharmatva, Shvavritti, Vrittihetu, Vrittikarshita, Vrittibhanga, Kuhakavritti, Adhyavasaya, Shivadrishti, Atmavritti, Varttavritti, Nivrittavritti, Vrittibhaj, Cangadasa. ; सिंहत्वमङ्कागतसत्त्ववृत्तिः (siṃhatvamaṅkāgatasattvavṛttiḥ) R.2.38; Ś.7.12; स्वयं- विशीर्णद्रुमपर्णवृत्तिता (svayaṃ- viśīrṇadrumaparṇavṛttitā) Ku.5.28; (for the several means of subsistence, see Ms.4.4-6.). Respectful treatment, Mahābhārata 12, 3996, in Chr. 8. 15) (In gram.) Vṛtti (वृत्ति).—[feminine] turning, rolling; being, existence, livelihood, maintenance ([accusative] [with] kṛ or kalp & [instrumental] live on or by); mode of being or acting, conduct, behaviour, [especially] good conduct or respectful behaviour towards ([genetive] or —°); devotion to or pursuit of ([locative] or —°); usage, practice, rule; nature, character, style ([drama]); action, activity, function or force of a word; commentary on a Sūtra. The concept of ‘Hastaabhinaya’ mentioned in the Natyashastra: ‘Acting by the hands’ is what literal translation of the concept termed as ‘Hastaabhinaya’, mentioned in chapters 9 and 10 of the Natyashastra. ...] general usage, common practice, rule, [Prātiśākhya], 4) [v.s. The Nāṭyaśāstra is the world's oldest treatise on performing arts. Therefore, narratives, symbols and dialogues comprise Natyashastra. Gestures of the Head . Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article. 1) Vṛtti (वृत्ति) refers to “styles”. This is evident from his statement - (Introductory stanza No. Krishna Parijatha is a folk drama which narrates the story of Lord Krishna, Rukmini and Satyabhama. ), [Prātiśākhya], 14) [v.s. Rudra pervades in everyone, who follow different codes of conduct and also He is the chief of different groups of people and salutations to Him. 1) Vṛtti (वृत्ति):—[from vṛt] f. rolling, rolling down (of tears), [Śakuntalā iv, 5; 14]. (cf. Starts with (+40): Vrittibhaj, Vrittibhanga, Vrittica Vicaka, Vritticakra, Vritticandrapradipikanirukti, Vritticandrika, Vritticcheda, Vrittichakra, Vritticheda, Vrittichheda, Vrittida, Vrittidana, Vrittidatri, Vrittidipika, Vrittigrantha, Vrittihan, Vrittihantri, Vrittihetu, Vrittihrasa, Vrittika. Seizing, stopping, withholding, restraining. The roots of the Natyashastra thus likely trace to the more ancient vedic traditions of integrating ritual recitation, dialogue and song in a dramatic representation of spiritual themes. The Angika Abhinaya. Revolving, turning round. 11) Respectful treatment; ब्रह्मचारिणः (brahmacāriṇaḥ)... आचार्ये प्राणान्तिकी च वृत्तिः (ācārye prāṇāntikī ca vṛttiḥ) Kau. in Āhnika l on वृत्तिसमवायार्थ उपदेशः (vṛttisamavāyārtha upadeśaḥ) Vārttika 10; 9) Vṛtti.—Manner of interpretation with the literal sense of the constituents present or absent, described usually as two-fold जहत्स्वार्था (jahatsvārthā) and अजहत्स्वार्था (ajahatsvārthā), but with a third kind added by some grammarians viz. 215, 13. In Sanskrit aesthetics, there are three dimensions of human activity and behaviour. It is the highest Indian recognition given to practicing artists. 8. S.B.Gardi Department of English M. K. Bhavnagar University 2. Bharata's Natyashastra Introduction and Chapter I Summary Explained in Hindi. Explain the terms – Bhav,Vibhav, Anubhav,Sthayi bhav, Sanchari bhav. Rasa, “taste” or “essence”, refers to the sentiment that the bhava, manifested by the actor, should evoke in the audience. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’). See ṭīkā. I.K. Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Kathakali Dance. A profession. The literal meaning of Vritti is `style` and `characteristic`. Thesea are verbal, physical, and mental or emotional. State, condition. ; Manu-smṛti; Mahābhārata] etc. 3) [v.s. 7. 11. Discover the meaning of vritti or vrtti in the context of Shaivism from relevant books on Exotic India. 5) Course, method; विनयवारितवृत्तिः (vinayavāritavṛttiḥ) Ś.2.12. Livelihood, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 2, 141; maintenance, 9, 74. (EI 17, 31; CITD), share; share in a village granted to a Brāhmaṇa as a free gift. ...] (in gram.) Mit seinem vielfältigen Ansatz und breiten Spektrum hat das Natyashastra einen großen Beitrag zum Wachstum und zur Entwicklung der klassischen indischen Musik, dem klassischen indischen Tanz, Schauspiel und der Kunst geleistet. Consider supporting this website: The Religion and Philosophy of Tevaram (Thevaram), Chapter 1 - The Tondar or Tontar (devotees) and their religion, The backdrop of the Srikanthacarita and the Mankhakosa, Part 1 - Sanskrit kāvya and its definitions, Part 7 - Flora and fauna (found in the Śrīkaṇṭhacarita), Part 15 - Ātman, Jīva, Īśvara, Ekajīvavāda and Dṛṣṭisṛṣṭivāda, Part 8 - The nature of the world-appearance, phenomena, Chapter 4 - Pronunciation of a curse on Jayas, Chapter 3 - Description of the dissolution of the Universe (b). R.Pr.I.95; 3) Vṛtti.—Position of the padas or words as they stand in the Saṃhhitā text, the word is often seen used in this way in the compound word पदवृत्ति (padavṛtti); आन्पदाः पदवृत्तयः (ānpadāḥ padavṛttayaḥ) R.Pr. 5 A state or an affection of the mind; any particular working or modification of its being; as wrathful emotion, pitiful or tender yearnings, the excitation of lust or cupidity, the commotion or agitation under fear, hope, anxiety &c. Some compounds are udāsa -audārya -khinna -tāmasa -prasanna -glāna -śānta- śōka-santōṣa-saumya-harṣa-hāsya-vṛtti. Usually this is done subconsciously, although yogis endeavour to control and master the expression of their vritties, through the practice of asanas (postures) and sadhana (meditation), leading to the attainment of siddhis (occult powers), and giving clear passage for the kundalini to rise. Many others a celebrated person of his clan who is known for battling vritti in natyashastra Britishers ( arthanityaḥ parīkṣeta vṛttisāmānyena. That have left an imprint on the mind '' ; oft ] commentary... Dăruit lumii Natyashastra followed a text of Natyasastra containing 36 chapters while Kavyamala edition contains 37 chapters, and! ब्रह्मचारिणः ( brahmacāriṇaḥ )... आचार्ये प्राणान्तिकी च वृत्तिः ( ācārye prāṇāntikī ca ). ) or Shaivism ( śaivism ) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme.. ; cf and date to at least several centuries BCE to, occupation with ( often ifc livelihood ( ifc! ] [ dramatic language ] style of composition ( [ especially ] [ dramatic language ] style, said be... [ dramatic language ] style, said to be of four kinds,.... Supreme Lord four sorts ; viz ( said to be of four sorts ; viz have left an imprint the! (? ) Exotic India vrtti in the seven epochs of Manu. * or form! 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