The city fell to the Arabs in AD 641, and a new capital of Egypt, Fustat, was founded on the Nile. This page was created in 2002; last modified on 14 July 2020. In the year 1365, Alexandria was brutally sacked after being taken by the armies of the Crusaders, led by King Peter of Cyprus. Alexandria, major city and urban governorate in Egypt. The Lighthouse was destroyed by earthquakes in the 14th century,[22] and by 1700 the city was just a small town amidst the ruins. The Spirit of Alexandria Foundation was created to carry on the legacy of Alexandria Bennett, a little girl whose passion for nature and generosity was evident to everyone around her. Demographic details of how Alexandria rose quickly to its great size remain unknown.[5]. The Donations of Alexandria (Autumn 34 BC) were a political act by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia amongst Cleopatra's children, and granted them many titles, especially for Caesarion, son of Julius Caesar. This encompassed, at one and the same time, the Alexander of 331, Macedonian king and founder of the city, the Alexander of 323, son of Ammon, universal conqueror and god unvanquished, and finally the Alexander of 321, protector of Egypt who, by coming back from Memphis, transferred the heritage of the pharaohs to the heart of Alexandria.". According to archaeologist Mostafa Waziri, the skeletons looked like a family burial with a middle-aged woman and two men. Our foundation strives to give as many children as we can the chance to experience nature. Walter Scheidel, "Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 25. Ancient accounts are extremely numerous and varied, and much influenced by subsequent developments. There was also the town of Menouthis. The Alexandria Police Foundation was originally founded in 2002 to provide health insurance for retiring police K9 dogs. 8110 GATEHOUSE RD STE 400W FALLS CHURCH VA 22042-1254. Foundation. Jacob, Christian, & François de Polignac, eds. This was one of the chief reasons that induced Octavian to place it directly under imperial power. [26.3] If what the Alexandrians say on the authority of Heracleides is true, then it seems that Homer was no idle or useless companion to him on his expedition. The third award to the museum is from Alexandria Area Community Foundation’s Alexandria Area Response and Recovery Grant, in the amount of … In 616, the city was taken by Khosrau II, King of Persia. [26.4] They say that after his conquest of Egypt, Alexander resolved to found and leave behind him a large and populous Greek city which would bear his name. In contrast to their later prominence, there is no good sign of a sizeable Jewish community in the third century BCE.". The Foundation wants to build a financial cornerstone for investing in students and teachers in Alexandria Public Schools. You’ll always end up in this city. Unexpected discoveries from the inhabited quarter include frescoes and other wall decorations that provide clear evidence for the development of Coptic artistic forms in a cosmopolitan urban setting—not just in the chora of Middle and Upper Egypt. We hope to spread our mission and programs to other nature centers in Michigan and beyond. After a long decline, Alexandria emerged as major metropolis at the time of the Crusades and lived a flourishing period due to trade with agreements with the Aragonese, Genoese and Venetians who distributed the products arrived from the East through the Red Sea. Taking a hard look at the facts about the Library of Alexandria, there is much we do not know. there’s no ship for you, there’s no road. The various tariffs imposed upon this trade generated immense sums that were essential to the fiscal health of the Mamluk state. We’ve no way of knowing to what extent the Greek population penetrated into the hinterland, although we do know that Egypt was divided into regions known as nomes each with its own capital. Home » Sources » Content » Plutarch » Plutarch's Alexander » Plutarch on the foundation of Alexandria, About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. Recorded in Plutarch, the foundation story gives us some idea of what the Alexandrians, and particularly the Ptolemies, wanted to project about their city’s birth. From this division arose much of the later turbulence, which began to manifest itself under the rule of Ptolemy Philopater (221–204 BC). The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Venice has eliminated the jurisdiction and its Alexandrian warehouse became the center of the distribution of spices to the Portuguese Cape route to open in 1498, which marks the commercial decline, worsened by the Turkish invasion. Among other things, we do not know how many people were initially settled at the site; how their numbers changed over time; where successive generations of immigrants came from; and what the maximum size of the population was, or when it was reached. Jewish–Greek ethnic tensions in the era of Roman administration led to riots in AD 38 and again in 66. While in Alexandria, Octavian took time to visit Alexander's tomb and inspected the late king's remains. Part of Canopus is still on the shore above water, and had been studied by archaeologists the longest. "Ultimately, the monument gave rise to numerous allegorical interpretations where it stood as the axis of the planet, the central point around which the whole universe was ordered. By Jeremy McInerney, PhD, University of Pennsylvania According to the myth of Alexandria’s construction, Alexander the Great himself was responsible for the city’s foundation. The baths and theater were built in the fourth century and the smaller buildings constructed around them, suggesting a sort of urban renewal occurring in the wake of Diocletian.[20]. According to the translator, Elizabeth Hazelton Haight, the Life was written around c. AD 300 although… Though Cleomenoes was mainly in charge of seeing to Alexandria's continuous development, the Heptastadion (causeway to Pharos Island) and the main-land quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the center of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than Carthage. His example was followed by Mark Antony, for whose favor the city paid dearly to Octavian. At the same time, the city could enjoy a fresh water supply by means of a canal from the Nile. An Egyptian city or town, Rhakotis, existed on the shore where Alexandria is now. Charitable Causes. The city received no aid from Constantinople during that time; Heraclius was dead and the new Emperor Constans II was barely twelve years old. In 2000, with the opening of the Charles E. Beatley, Jr. Central Library, the Library asked the City to add $50,000 to its operating budg… Leaving Siwah, Alexander rode north-east to the Egyptian delta where he founded the city that would become Alexandria-Outside-Egypt. Date Founded. Just east of Alexandria in ancient times (where now is Abu Qir Bay) there was marshland and several islands. [31][32][33], For the history of the city of Alexandria in Virginia, United States, see. Catholic Foundation of North-Central Louisiana Planned giving and administration for Catholic causes and entities within the Diocese of Alexandria. A number of more fanciful foundation myths are found in the Alexander Romance and were picked up by medieval historians. Christine Favard-Meeks & Dimitri Meeks, "The heir of the Delta"; in Jacob & de Polignac (1992/2000); pp. On the mainland, life seemed to have centered in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both which became Christian churches. Ancient accounts are extremely numerous and varied, and much influenced by subsequent developments. In 1999, when asked for $50,000 to meet increased demand for books and electronic information for the new Charles E. Beatley, Jr. Library, the City approved instead a $25,000 challenge grant. On 7 April 334, Alexander founded Alexandria, the Egyptian city that has correctly been hailed as "the most lasting of all his achievements". Unity Foundation of Alexandria, Alexandria, Minnesota & Surrounding areas. Although the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius recovered it a few years later, in 641 the Arabs, under the general Amr ibn al-As during the Muslim conquest of Egypt, captured it decisively after a siege that lasted fourteen months. E. M. Forster, who worked in Alexandria for the International Red Cross during World War I, wrote two books about the city and promoted Cavafy's work. François de Polignac, "The shadow of Alexander"; in Jacob & de Polignac (1992/2000); pp. In July 1954, the city was a target of an Israeli bombing campaign that later became known as the Lavon Affair. [4] The site also offered unique protection against invading armies: the vast Libyan Desert to the west and the Nile Delta to the east. In a struggle with the other successors of Alexander, his general, Ptolemy (later Ptolemy I of Egypt) succeeded in bringing Alexander's body to Alexandria. All rights reserved. City Quarters. You’ll walk the same streets, grow old In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world,[6] and for some centuries more, was second only to Rome. 1,100 pages of text and notes cannot change the fact that 'the development of Alexandria as a city largely escapes us'. "This quarter is especially noteworthy as it provides our first archaeological window onto urban life in late antique Alexandria. Sponsor Spotlight Shamrock Financial has partnered with Alexandria's Foundation in our drive to raise $100,000 through 100 local businesses. Luminaries associated with the Musaeum included the geometry and number-theorist Euclid; the astronomer Hipparchus; and Eratosthenes, known for calculating the Earth's circumference and for his algorithm for finding prime numbers, who became head librarian. 594 likes. Only a few months later, Alexandria's Manshia Square was the site of the famous, failed assassination attempt on the life of Gamal Abdel Nasser. This city will always pursue you. Mohammed Ali, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, began rebuilding the city around 1810, and by 1850, Alexandria had returned to something akin to its former glory. ' Every historian of Alexander has mentioned or discussed the foundation of Alexandria, and if there is any who has failed to follow the statement of Ptolemy (in Arrian, III, iv, 5) placing the event before the expedition to Siwah, I have not seen him. The current city is the Republic of Egypt's leading port, a commercial, tourism and transportation center, and the heart of a major industrial area where refined petroleum, asphalt, cotton textiles, processed food, paper, plastics and styrofoam are produced. In July 1882 the city was the site of the first battle of the Anglo-Egyptian War, when it was bombarded and occupied by British naval forces. French troops stormed the city on July 2, 1798 and it remained in their hands until the British victory at the Battle of Alexandria on March 21, 1801, following which the British besieged the city which fell to them on 2 September 1801. Chartered in 1998, the Alexandria Library Foundation, Inc. was formed to enhance the Alexandria Library's services through private donations. There has been a persistent belief that the Library of Alexandria and its contents were destroyed in 642 during the Arab invasion.[19][18]. Through this foundation, it is her family and friends mission to help children experience nature and all its wonderment. For the other posts in the series, click here The following account of the foundation of Alexandria is not historical. Sign In or Create Account to view assets data lock Unlock financial insights by subscribing to our monthly plan. What it looked like, its exact location, precisely how many books it held, if it burnt, and who destroyed it. After its foundation, Alexandria became the seat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, and quickly grew to be one of the greatest cities of the Hellenistic world. Within the next 3-5 years the goal for Alexandria's Nature Bus will be to have additional themes (Michigan Mammals and Creatures of the Night) aboard the bus so that the bus is booked on a daily basis. The first Anglican missionaries arrived in Egypt in 1819, and the first church building, St Mark's in Alexandria, was consecrated in 1839, followed by All Saints in Cairo in 1876. One of the ways we do that is by helping students attain college degrees. Years later, the city suffered many earthquakes during the years 956, 1303 and then in 1323. Alexandria, Louisiana. Get premium, … Alexander's tomb became a famous tourist destination for ancient travelers (including Julius Caesar). A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city. Jews occupied two of the city's five quarters and worshipped at synagogues. In the 3rd century AD, Alexander's tomb was closed to the public, and now its location has been forgotten. [26], Relations with the United Kingdom grew strained in the 1950s, with violence periodically erupting between local police and the British army, in Alexandria as well as in Cairo. av Ptolemaios II av Egypten. [12] There were two institutions in Alexandria devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture, which helped to exclude non-Greeks. "I suspect that despite their lack of civic status, Egyptians were presumably more numerous than any other group. Plutarch on the beginning of Alexander's reign, Plutarch on Alexander and the wife of Darius. [1] Yet, before that, there were some big port cities just east of Alexandria, at the western edge of what is now Abu Qir Bay. 2Th is great Egyptian goddess had long since been adopted by the Greeks, and a sanctuary of Isis had been established at Piraeus sorne years be fore the foundation of Alexandria. The history of Alexandria dates back to the city's founding, by Alexander the Great, in 331 BC. Foundation of the Alexandria Bar Association. Workshops and street-front stores as well as private dwellings complement the depictions in literary sources of the city's varied commercial and social life. The Foundation of Alexandria Historia Alexandri Magni: Book 7.1 - 8.4 Alexander: Books XXVI - XXVIII Plutarch Quintus Curtius Rufus Traveled to the shrine of Ammon first, linked himself to Jupiter Alexandria was positioned between a lake and the sea Left men to supervise the The city grew in the early 19th century under the industrialization program of Mohammad Ali, the viceroy of Egypt. Company Description. A great assortment of countries had agents in the city, although the European trade was dominated by merchants from the city-states of northern Italy, principally Venetians, Genoese, Florentines, and Pisans. The French army under Napoleon captured the city in 1798 and the British soon captured it from the French, retaining Alexandria within their sphere of influence for 150 years. Mostafa el-Abbai, "The Island of Pharos in Myth and History"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 286–287. We don’t even know if the Library of Alexandria was destroyed at all, due to contradictory texts and the absence of archaeological remains. Alexandria was an oddity, a kind of cultural non sequitur—a Greek city run by Greeks, set in an alien cultural landscape with which it had little in common. Plutarch on the foundation of Alexandria. In 391, Emperor Theodosius I ordered the destruction of all pagan temples, and the Patriarch Theophilus complied with his request. )[10] Alexandrian Greeks placed an emphasis on Hellenistic culture, in part to exclude and subjugate non-Greeks. [18][19] The neoplatonist philosopher Hypatia was publicly murdered by a Christian mob. The Alexandria Education Foundation (AEF) has made the decision to postpone the 2020 Hall of Fame. The remains found at this site, which are dated circa the fourth to seventh centuries AD, include workshops, storefronts, houses, a theater, a public bath, and lecture halls, as well as Coptic frescoes. In 645 a Byzantine fleet recaptured the city, but it fell for good the following year. All content copyright © 1995–2021 Livius.org. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt and never returned to the city during his life. Alexandria Education Foundation awarded grant to support school meals for students in need October 13, 2020; Virtual Celebration of Hall of Fame Inductees from the past 13 years September 22, 2020; Alexandria Education Foundation Postpones Hall of Fame Event August 20, 2020 The foundation of the city of Alexandria, detail of the fresco History of Pope Alexander III by Spinello Aretino , Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Tuscany, Italy. If such a city was to be on the Egyptian coast, there was only one possible site, behind the screen of the Pharos island and removed from the silt thrown out by the Nile, just west of the westernmost "Canopic" mouth of the river. Headquarters. It became the main Greek city of Egypt, with an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds. The latter was recently rediscovered under water. Julius Caesar dallied with Cleopatra in Alexandria in 47 BC and was besieged in the city by Cleopatra's brother and rival. The most valued items in this trade were luxury goods from the East reexported from Egypt, such as Indian spices, Chinese porcelains, and Persian Gulf pearls. Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. The donors to the Foundation met this challenge. Det förmodas att det grundlades omkring 280 f.Kr. Denna artikel handlar om det antika biblioteket. [30], In July 2018, archaeologists led by Zeinab Hashish announced the discovery of a 2.000-year-old 30-ton black granite sarcophagus. [26.9] The king was delighted with the plan, when suddenly a vast multitude of birds of every kind and size flew from the river and the lagoon on to the site like clouds; nothing was left of the barley-meal and even Alexander was much troubled by the omen. Walter Scheidel, "Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 23. Thus ended a period of 975 years of the Greco-Roman control over the city. As early as the 7th century BC, there existed important port cities of Canopus and Heracleion. On the advice of his architects he was about to measure out and enclose a certain site. After Alexander departed, his viceroy, Cleomenes, continued the expansion of the city. Once among the greatest cities of the Mediterranean world and a center of Hellenic scholarship and science, Alexandria was the capital of Egypt from its founding by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE until its surrender to Arab forces in 642 CE. The Spirit of Alexandria Foundation supports all of the things important to Alexandria Bennett - the wonder of nature, the quest for knowledge, the potential of life and the beauty and interest in everything around us. Don’t hope for things elsewhere: In the late 4th century, persecution of pagans by Christians had reached new levels of intensity. Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty, Mediterranean's 'horror' tsunami may strike again, "Inside That Black Sarcophagus in Egypt? Alexandria was divided into five quarters, bearing the first five letters of the Greek Alphabet. Foundation of the Alexandria Bar Association at 520 King Street, Room 202, Alexandria, VA 22314. He thought he could see a man with very white hair and of venerable appearance standing beside him and speaking these lines: [26.6] He rose at once and went to Pharos, which at that time was still an island a little above the Canobic mouth of the Nile, but which has now been joined to the mainland by a causeway.note[This dam, called the Heptastadion ("two kilometers"), was built by Ptolemaic kings who succeeded Alexander as rulers of Egypt.]. The Alexandria Hospital Foundation The Alexandria Hospital Foundation Overview. There, Arianism came to prominence, and there also Athanasius opposed Arianism and the pagan reaction against Christianity, experiencing success against both and continuing the Patriarch of Alexandria's major influence on Christianity into the next two centuries. These processions were used to shout Greek superiority over any non-Greeks that were watching, thereby widening the divide between cultures.[13]. The Serapeum of the Great Library was destroyed, possibly effecting the final destruction of the Library of Alexandria. Alexandria was also home to the largest Jewish community in the ancient world. Given the current restrictions on large gatherings and the heightened health risk of COVID-19 the Board of Directors felt it was in the best interest for all to not hold a large gathering this … 32–42. [26.5] when during the night, as he was sleeping, he saw a remarkable vision. The Ptolemies fostered the development of the Library of Alexandria and associated Musaeum into a renowned center for Hellenistic learning. A number of more fanciful foun… 20–29. The dynasty and capital, built upon such a prestigious relic, could, more than any other, claim to hold up and preserve the universal vision that attached to a royalty inherited from the deceased. Recent archaeology at Kom El Deka (heap of rubble or ballast) has found the Roman quarter of Alexandria beneath a layer of graves from the Muslim era. An elegant theaterlike structure was uncovered, along with a large imperial bath complex and lecture halls, the latter being unprecedented archaeological evidence for the city's intellectual reputation. General & Rehabilitative Health Care. Only Rome, which gained control of Egypt in 30 BC, eclipsed Alexandria in size and wealth. [7] Nominally a free Hellenistic city, Alexandria retained its senate of Roman times and the judicial functions of that body were restored by Septimius Severus after temporary abolition by Augustus. Walter Scheidel, "Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 2. Staden är huvudort i det cirka 2 679 km² [5] stora guvernementet Alexandria. As native influences began to reassert themselves in the Nile valley, Alexandria gradually became an alien city, more and more detached from Egypt and losing much of its commerce as the peace of the empire broke up during the 3rd century, followed by a fast decline in population and splendor. The Canopic (westernmost) branch of the Nile Delta still existed at that time, and was widely used for shipping. Publically the Alexandria Foundation is a philanthropic, non-profit organization dedicated to the “preservation of the human experience”. The Nile Delta had long been politically significant as the point of entry for anyone wishing to trade with Egypt.[2]. After Alexandria's status as the country's capital ended, it fell into a long decline, which by the late Ottoman period, had seen it reduced to little more than a small fishing village. This was one of the city was taken by Khosrau II, king of Persia for,! 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